[1], The jizhuanti format refers to the organization of the work into benji (本紀) or 'basic annals' chapters containing the biographies of the sovereigns ('sons of heaven') organized by dynasty and liezhuan (列傳) or 'ordered biographies' chapters containing the biographies of influential non-nobles, sometimes for one prominent individual, but often for two or more people who, in Sima Qian's judgment, played similar roles in history. Such ignominy can never be wiped away." Because in the latter case he was writing about his own times, he did not express his judgements frankly, but used subtle and guarded language. pages 20–38 from, Kroll, J.L "Ssu-ma Ch'ien Literary Theory and Literary Practice" pages 313-325 from, Moloughney, B. He described his pain thus: "When you see the jailer you abjectly touch the ground with your forehead. [16] In this regard, Sima was significant as the first Chinese historian to treat the peoples living to the north of the Great Wall like the Xiongnu as human beings who were implicitly the equals of the Middle Kingdom, instead of the traditional approach which had portrayed the Xiongnu as savages who had the appearance of humans, but the minds of animals. Sima Qian wrote eight rhapsodies (fu), which are listed in the bibliographic treatise of the Book of Han. In 99 BC, Sima became embroiled in the Li Ling affair, where Li Ling and Li Guangli, two military officers who led a campaign against the Xiongnu in the north, were defeated and taken captive. To begin with, Sima's work was concerned with the history of the known world. [15] In the same way, Sima discounted accounts in the traditional records that were "ridiculous" such as the pretense that Prince Tan could via the use of magic make the clouds rain grain and horses grow horns. Sima — or SIMA may refer to:People* Sima (surname), for people with this Chinese name * Sima Bina, Persian musician * Sima Khan, Pakistani celebrity * Josef Sima (1891 1971), Czech painter * Oskar Sima (1896 1969), Austrian actorPlaces* Sima, Comoros, a … "grand scribe" or "grand astrologer"). [16] During one of this trips, Sima mentioned that he was overcome with emotion when he saw the carriage of Confucius together with his clothes and various other personal items that had belonged to Confucius. How much should I be reading into these names? Sima's famous letter to his friend Ren An about his sufferings during the Li Ling Affair and his perseverance in writing Shiji is today regarded as a highly admired example of literary prose style, studied widely in China even today. Sima as a girl's name (also used as boy's name Sima), is a variant of Seema (Hebrew, Aramaic), and the meaning of Sima is "treasure". But before I had finished my rough manuscript, I met with this calamity. The Sima family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1841 and 1920. "History and Historians under the Han" pages 213-218 from, Durrant S.W "Self as the Intersection of Tradition: The Autobiographical Writings of Ssu-Ch'ien" pages 33–40 from, Hardy, G.R "Can an Ancient Chinese historian Contribute to Modern Western Theory?" It preserves states which are lost and restores the perishing family. How many people with the first name Sima have been born in the United States? [16] Before Chinese historians had tended to use only reign histories as their sources. Unlike the Book of Han, which was written under the supervision of the imperial dynasty, Shiji was a privately written history since he refused to write Shiji as an official history covering only those of high rank. [6] By his account, by the age of ten Sima was able to "read the old writings" and was considered to be a promising scholar. In the postface of the completed Shiji, there is a short essay on the six philosophical schools that is explicitly attributed to Sima Tan. (人固有一死，或重于泰山，或輕于鴻毛，用之所趨異也。) This quote has become one of the most well known in all of Chinese literature. [22] The American historian Tamara Chin wrote that though Zhonghang did exist, the dialogue is merely a "literacy device" for Sima to make points that he could not otherwise make. The postface then concludes with a self-referential description of the postface as the 70th and last of the Ordered Biographies chapters.). [15] Sima mentioned after one of his trips across China that: "When I had occasion to pass through Feng and Beiyi I questioned the elderly people who were about the place, visited the old home of Xiao He, Cao Can, Fan Kuai and Xiahou Ying, and learned much about the early days. Moreover, it has also been pointed out that Sima Qian would have been reluctant to render substantive aid to Ren An, given the severe consequences that he suffered for supporting General Li Ling, as well as Ren An's failure to act on his behalf during the Li Ling affair. For what virtue did he deserve this? But the reason I have not refused to bear these ills and have continued to live, dwelling in vileness and disgrace without taking my leave, is that I grieve that I have things in my heart which I have not been able to express fully, and I am shamed to think that after I am gone my writings will not be known to posterity. --- This is the first Chinese calendar whose full method of calculation 暦法 has been preserved. Sima is a Muslim Girl name and has Arabic origin. Unlike most single- Chinese family names, it is one of the rare. However, in 99 BC, he would fall victim to the Li Ling affair for speaking out in defense of the general, who was blamed for an unsuccessful campaign against the Xiongnu. [20] The structure of the Shiji allowed Sima to tell the same stories in different ways, which allowed him to pass his moral judgements. Sima's works were influential to Chinese writing, serving as ideal models for various types of prose within the neo-classical ("renaissance" 复古) movement of the Tang-Song period. How connected were the Chinese clan names. "[15], Bearing this in mind, not everything that Sima wrote should be understood as conveying didactical moral lessons. Sima Qian's father Sima Tan (司馬談) first conceived of the ambitious project of writing a complete history of China, but only completed some preparatory sketches at the time of his death. Like if I encounter the name Liu, should I assume they were descendents of the Han bloodline. Their policies laid great stress upon stratagems and shifts of power. Before compiling Shiji, Sima Qian was involved in the creation of the 104 BC Taichu Calendar 太初暦 (太初 became the new era name for Emperor Wu and means "supreme beginning"), a modification of the Qin calendar. [1] Sima married young and had one daughter. Sima called his castration "the worst of all punishments".[6]. Often called by Chinese scholars as “secondary monarchs,” many empresses played significant roles (good or bad) in different dynasties and affect the course of Chinese history. It is only those who were masterful and sure, the truly extraordinary men, who are still remembered. Sima Tan (traditional Chinese: 司馬談; simplified Chinese: 司马谈; pinyin: Sīmǎ Tán; Wade–Giles: Ssu-ma T'an; c. 165 BC – 110 BC) was a Chinese astrologer and historian during the Western Han dynasty.He studied astronomy with Tang Du, the I Ching under Yang He, and Daoism under Master Huang. Sima instead had divided the Shiji into five divisions: the basic annals which comprised the first 12 chapters, the chronological tables which comprised the next 10 chapters, treatises on particular subjects which make up 8 chapters, accounts of the ruling families which take up 30 chapters, and biographies of various eminent people which are the last 70 chapters. At that time, execution could be commuted either by money or castration. [16] Sima's history of 130 chapters began with the legendary Yellow Emperor and extended to his own time, and covered not only China, but also neighboring nations like Korea and Vietnam. Always pressing onwards to the future with a composed focus, he acts as the strategist and commander for his people. [15] When Sima encountered a story that could not be cross-checked with the Confucian classics, he systemically compared the information with other documents. You can use our middle name generator to find middle names that match the first name, Sima. Fun Facts about the name Sima. To resolve this theodical problem, Sima argued that while the wicked may succeed and the good may suffer in their own life-times, it is the historian who ensures that in the end good triumphs. The name Sima has four characters. Sima Qian is known to have com­pleted the Records be­fore his death in c. 86 BC, with one copy re­sid­ing in the im­pe­r­ial cap­i­tal of Chang'an (mod­ern Xi'an) and the other copy prob­a­bly being stored in … In his playable appearance, Sima Shi is a man with magnificent intelligence who is skilled in both the military arts and various literary studies. In the postface of the Records, he implicitly compared his universal history of China to the classics of his day, the Guoyu by Zuoqiu Ming, Lisao by Qu Yuan, and the Art of War[2] by Sun Bin, pointing out that their authors all suffered great personal misfortunes before their lasting monumental works could come to fruition. The Shiji comprises 130 chapters consisting of half a million characters. [6] Many Chinese scholars have and still do view how Confucius ordered his chronology as the ideal example of how history should be written, especially with regards to what he chose to include and to exclude; and his choice of words as indicating moral judgements [6] Seen in this light, the Spring and Autumn Annals are a moral guide to the proper way of living. Sima adopted a new method in sorting out the historical data and a new approach to writing historical records. Surname 2 a variety of documents belonging to different religions and dynasty. The name Sima means Treasure and is of Hebrew origin. Before his castration, Sima Qian was recorded to have two sons and a daughter. The name Sima is ranked on the 4,025th position of the most used names. Sima himself in the conclusion to chapter 110 of the Shiji declared that he was writing in this tradition where he stated: "When Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, he was very open in treating the reigns of Yin and Huan, the early dukes of Lu; but when he came to the later period of Dukes Ding and Ai, his writing was much more covert. How unique is the name Simas? He has 135 points to start with, unlike the 15 that generic characters normally have. The first thing you should know if you are considering Sima for your baby's name is that in most countries all over the world the name Sima is a girl name. Sima was greatly influenced by Confucius's Spring and Autumn Annals, which on the surface is a succinct chronology from the events of the reigns of the twelve dukes of Lu from 722 to 484 BC. In 96 BC, on his release from prison, Sima chose to live on as a palace eunuch to complete his histories, rather than commit suicide as was expected of a gentleman-scholar who had been disgraced by being castrated. As part of the background, the postface provides a short sketch of the history of the Sima clan, from legendary times to his father Sima Tan, the dying words of Sima Tan tearfully exhorting the author to compose the present work, and a biographical sketch of the author himself. Sima Qian was born at Xiayang in Zuopingyi (around present-day Hancheng, Shaanxi Province). The name Sima is of African, Scottish origins, which means it has more than one root, and is used in more than one countries and different languages of the world, especially African countries, English speaking countries among others. As such, the historian had to tread carefully and often expressed his judgements in a circuitous way designed to fool the censor. Before Sima, histories were written as certain events or certain periods of history of states; his idea of a general history affected later historiographers like Zheng Qiao (鄭樵) in writing Tongzhi and Sima Guang in writing Zizhi Tongjian. [16] Furthermore, Sima often questioned people about historical events they had experienced. [6], In 126 BC, around the age of twenty, Sima Qian began an extensive tour around China as it existed in the Han dynasty. At that time, the astrologer had an important role, responsible for interpreting and predicting the course of government according to the influence of the Sun, Moon, and stars, as well as other astronomical and geological phenomena such as solar eclipses and earthquakes, which depended on revising and upholding an accurate calendar. Sima's name in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters, 且夫臧獲婢妾猶能引決，況若僕之不得已乎！所以隱忍苟活，函糞土之中而不辭者，恨私心有所不盡，鄙沒世而文采不表於後也。古者富貴而名摩滅，不可勝記，唯俶儻非常之人稱焉。, 僕竊不遜，近自託於無能之辭，網羅天下放失舊聞，考之行事，綜其終始，稽其成敗興壞之理 ... 凡百三十篇，亦欲以究天人之際，通古今之變，成一家之言。草創未就，適會此禍，惜其不成，是以就極刑而無慍色。僕誠已著此書，藏諸名山，傳之其人通邑大都，則僕償前辱之責，雖萬被戮，豈有悔哉！, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Chin, Tamara "Defamiliarizing the Foreigner: Sima Qian's Ethnography and Han-Xiongnu Marriage Diplomacy" pages 311-354 from, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sima_Qian&oldid=994149514, Articles containing Literary Chinese-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Allen, J.R "An Introductory Study of Narrative Structure in the, Allen, J.R. "Records of the Historian" pages 259–271 from, Dubs, H.H. But in the end he lived to a great old age. Changsha Kingdom (modern Hunan Province), where he visited the Miluo River site where the Warring States era poet Qu Yuan was traditionally said to have drowned himself. [24] The point is reinforced by the fact that Sima has Zhonghang speak the language of an idealized Confucian official whereas the Emperor's envoy's language is dismissed as "mere twittering and chatter". The most Sima families were found in the USA in 1920. Emperor Wu attributed the defeat to Li Ling, with all government officials subsequently condemning him for it. Although there are many theories regarding the exact dating as well as the true nature and purpose of the Letter to Ren An, one common interpretation suggests that the letter, in part, tacitly expressed a refusal to play an active role in securing a reduced punishment for Ren An. info)) (211 – 6 September 265), courtesy name Zishang, was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of … Sima Guang (17 November 1019 – 11 October 1086), courtesy name Junshi, was a Chinese historian, writer, and politician.He was a high-ranking Song dynasty scholar-official and historian who authored the monumental history book Zizhi Tongjian.Sima was a political conservative who … Empress Lv Zhi 吕雉 (241 BC – 180 BC). [19], Sima also broke new ground by using more sources like interviewing witnesses, visiting places where historical occurrences had happened, and examining documents from different regions and/or times. 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